Nonverbal Communication

Interested in NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION? This page introduces the topic, gives you a chance to try to guess the meaning of some REAL nonverbal communication, and describes a new video series on NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION available from the University of California.

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement, cultural differences, and other "nonverbal" acts. Research suggests that nonverbal communication is more important in understanding human behavior than words alone--the nonverbal "channels" seem to be more powerful than what people say.

INTERESTED? SEE IF YOU CAN "READ" NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION. This page includes sample pictures of different sorts of nonverbal communication, and you can try to guess what each picture shows.

A new University of California videotape series explores different types of NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION. There are several different videos in this series. Each video is about 30 minutes in length and comes with an Instructor's Guide. This University of California video series on NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION is produced by Dane Archer, a Professor at the University of California at Santa Cruz (E-mail: archer@cats.ucsc.edu). Information about how to obtain these videos from the University of California is at the end of this page.

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One of the videos in this series is "A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES: Understanding Cross-Cultural Communication". This video is dedicated to the proposition that cross-cultural communication can be successful -- IF we strive to recognize and understand the powerful differences that separate people from two cultures. When we encounter people from other cultures, we may fail to understand them because of differences in language, values, gestures, emotional expression, norms, rituals, rules, expectations, family background, and life experiences.

The video A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES can serve as an important sentitizing device, and people who see the video will emerge with a greatly enhanced awareness of the importance, nature and power of culture. The video examines 14 different facets -- both verbal and nonverbal -- of cross-cultural misunderstanding. In each case, the power and subtlety of cultural differences is explored and illustrated. As the video demonstrates, culture can be like a veil that prevents us from understanding people from other societies, and also prevents them from understanding us.

As shown in A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES, one important cross-cultural difference involves food. Each culture has unique ideas about what's edible, what's delicious, and what's disgusting. In the video the woman on the left describes her reaction when her Vietnamese hosts served her a local delicacy; a bowl of congealed chicken's blood. In the video, we also see the Iranian-American man on the right tell about the time his father served him a dish without telling him what it was. After the meal was consumed, his father revealed that the dish was bull's testicles.

Cultures also differ in the meaning of slang, even if people think they're speaking the same language. The young man on the left is from Ireland. In A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES, he describes his confusion when American friends misunderstood him. In Ireland, when people say "I was pissed", it means "I was drunk" -- not "I was mad". In the video, he explains that Irish people say "Where's the crack in this town?" to refer to parties and fun -- not drugs. Sometimes understanding vocabulary is not enough. In A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES, we see the man on the right from Japan trying (unsuccessfully) to guess the meaning of the American idiom "I'll Eat My Hat".

In A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES, we explore subtle differences that affect our ability to understand people from different cultures. For example, the woman on the left explains that Chinese young people tend not to display male-female contact in public -- no holding hands, no kissing, etc. In the video, the woman on the right explains that Americans visiting a Japanese home should politely decline an offer of food the first two times it's offered, but then should always accept the food when it is offered a third time. These cultural etiquette rules are never taught to visitors, but visitors will be seen as very rude if they behave in culturally inappropriate ways.

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Another video in this series is "THE HUMAN FACE: Emotions, Identities and Masks." This video explores the role of the human face in emotions, cultural differences, attractiveness, identity, facial mythology, cosmetic surgery, pupil size changes, aging, law enforcement, etc.

In the following picture, can you guess whether this smiling face shows genuine warmth or merely concealed irritation?

Genuine Warmth

Concealed Irritation

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Another video, "THE HUMAN VOICE: Exploring Vocal Paralanguage, " focuses on the power of the voice (verbal + nonverbal) in interpersonal communication. The emphasis is on the way we interpret a speaker's voice in terms of accent, pronunciation, emotions, honesty, sarcasm, charisma, uniqueness, lifestyle, and geographic origin.

Can you guess where the person in the following picture was born?

This guess is extremely difficult from a picture alone. But if you heard his VOICE, you would probably be certain he was born in New York City. The video THE HUMAN VOICE shows that people get the correct answer easily when they hear his voice.

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The video "A WORLD OF GESTURES: Culture and Nonverbal Communication" focuses on international differences in gestures, and cultural differences in nonverbal communication generally. As might be expected, this video is fascinating, provocative, and even outrageous. This video examines angry gestures, obscene gestures, friendly gestures, warning gestures, the development of gestures in children, gang gestures, secret gestures, and embarrassing gestures. Throughout, the emphasis is on how this powerful form of nonverbal communication varies across cultural and national boundaries.

Can you guess what the following gesture from Japan means?

Can you guess what the following gesture from France means?

Can you guess what the following gesture from Iran means?

ANSWERS: The Japanese gesture means "angry." The French gesture means "I don't believe you." The Iran gesture is extremely obscene, and means roughly "screw you." The video A WORLD OF GESTURES captures and explains a huge variety of gestures from many different cultures.

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The two remaining videos in the series ("THE INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION TASK," or IPT, and the IPT-15) are "self-tests" that give viewers a chance to interpret verbal and nonverbal behaviors. There is an objectively correct answer for each of the inferences tested, and viewers can see how accurate their own inferences are. For example, one IPT scene shows two people who have just played basketball, and viewers can try to guess who won the game. Another IPT scene shows a person talking on the phone, and viewers try to guess whether she is talking with a man or a woman.

In this photo from the IPT video, can you guess which man won the basketball game?

In this photo from the IPT video, can you guess whether the woman is talking to a female friend or a male friend?

ANSWERS: In the actual IPT video, you have available a sequence of behavior, including verbal and nonverbal clues. The winner of the basketball game is the man on the right; the woman is talking to a female friend.

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If you would like to see a more detailed description (including REVIEWS) of the tapes in this series, click on one of the following video names:

• A WORLD OF DIFFERENCES: Understanding Cross-Cultural Communication

• THE HUMAN BODY: Appearance, Shape and Self-Image

• THE HUMAN FACE: Emotions, Identities and Masks

• THE HUMAN VOICE: Exploring Vocal Paralanguage

• A WORLD OF GESTURES: Culture and Nonverbal Communication

• THE INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION TASK (IPT)

• THE INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION TASK-15 (IPT-15)

OR: For further information on ordering any of the tapes from the entire University of California NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION video series, follow this link.

Juggle Your Way To Improved Performance

Juggle Your Way
To Improved Performance

By Ross Enamait - Published in 2007

In a past article, I discussed how an inexpensive jump rope could be used to enhance athletic qualities such as coordination, agility, quickness, and endurance. Contrary to what many Internet Gurus may suggest, these skills can be enhanced with nothing more than a $5 rope. Within this article, I will discuss another low-tech, inexpensive drill that will enhance qualities such as hand-eye coordination, ambidexterity, peripheral vision, depth perception, visual reaction time, and neuromuscular balance.

It may sound too good to be true, but you can perform this drill anywhere, with nothing more than a few tennis balls. You can practice this drill as long as you want without risk of overtraining or soreness.

So, what’s the secret drill that has been hidden to the masses?

Juggling!

That’s right… juggling three or four tennis balls is an ideal addition to any athlete’s weekly plan. At first glance, you may think I am joking. Teaching a group of athletes to juggle may seem ridiculous, but it is actually something that I highly recommend. So many athletes search high and low for training advice, but often overlook the obvious. Everyone wants to become stronger, faster, and more powerful, but what good are these qualities if you lack the coordination to use them?

Take a moment to review your weekly training plan. How much time do you spend working to improve qualities such as hand-eye coordination, peripheral vision, and visual reaction time?

Many athletes will answer this question with a big goose egg…

They don’t spend any time working to improve these attributes. They are either working to become stronger or working to improve endurance. Clearly, strength and endurance are important, but nothing can replace the need for coordination.

And in addition to the athletic benefits, juggling will also improve your brain. In a recent experiment (2004), University of Regensburg neurologist Arne May and colleagues found that juggling can increase grey matter within the brain.

As quoted within the report:

"The juggler group demonstrated a significant transient bilateral expansion in grey matter in the mid-temporal area and in the left posterior intraparietal sulcus…"

Researches went on to conclude the following:

"This discovery of a stimulus-dependent alteration in the brain’s macroscopic structure contradicts the traditionally held view that cortical plasticity is associated with functional rather than anatomical changes."

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In laymen’s terms, plasticity is simply the brain’s ability to remodel itself (ie. to reorganize neural pathways based on new experiences).

It was not long ago that scientists were convinced that the brain was hardwired early in life. Deterioration of the brain was seen as inevitable over time. The ability to rebuild and/or improve the brain was considered impossible. Fortunately, modern research suggests otherwise.

As quoted within a past edition of The Journal of Active Aging:

"Scientists now know that the brain remains plastic (or malleable) throughout life. At any age, the brain has the ability to revise its processing machinery - for better or for worse - in response to stimuli and activities. Just as the brain can deteriorate, it can also grow. Gray matter can thicken, trunks can remyelinate, and neural connections can be forged and refined, reinvigorating cognitive abilities."

Juggling is one of many ways to revitalize the brain. One reason for this phenomenon is that juggling takes you out of your comfort zone. Most of us are not juggling experts. The average person cannot juggle their daily workload, never mind three of four balls.

When you are challenged with a new task, you must concentrate and remain relaxed to successfully develop the skill. The concentration and effort required to develop the new skill is clearly beneficial for the brain.

Remain Consistent

There is nothing magical about juggling, but this simple activity will lead to considerable improvements if you remain consistent with your efforts. There are countless juggling variations, ranging from easy to extremely advanced. You don’t need to be a circus performer to benefit from juggling.

Start with the basics, and gradually strive to improve, as you challenge yourself with more advanced patterns and tricks. When first starting, limit your juggling practice to just a few minutes. It is important to be fresh and alert when mastering a new skill. With just 5 minutes of juggling per day, you’ll notch up over 30 hours of juggling in one year. A five or ten minute investment each day is not too much to ask.

Additional Benefits

Aside from the scientific data presented thus far, there are many commonsense benefits to juggling. Think about it…

To successfully juggle, you must remain relaxed, as you visually track objects in space, and then physically react to the constant (mobile) stimulus. If you are tense, you will never succeed at juggling. The ability to remain relaxed is vital to any athlete, particularly a combat athlete.

Think of yourself sparring for example. If you are tense, you will always struggle with defense. A tense fighter will be as elusive as a snail. Consider all-time defensive masters such as the great Willie Pep, or more recently Pernell Whitaker. These men could stand directly in front of their opponents and avoid incoming punches like a magician. One reason for their success was their ability to function in a relaxed state. These individuals also had tremendous reactions, hand-eye coordination, peripheral vision, etc. (attributes that can all be enhanced with juggling).

While juggling will not turn you into the next Willie Pep, it will improve many of the physical and mental qualities that are required to become an elusive fighter. You must remain relaxed as you react to objects that move up and down, and on each side of you.

Now, think of an opponent who is throwing kicks and punches in your direction. You must see these incoming blows, and then react accordingly. Any drill that enhances this ability is worthy of your time.

Summary and Further Reading

In summary, juggling offers both physical and mental benefits. Juggling is:

• Inexpensive (any balls will work)
• Convenient (you can juggle anywhere)
• Relaxing
• Effective (physical and mental benefits)
• Not physically stressful (juggle as often as you wish)

If juggling is new to you, a quick search will offer more information than you can digest in one sitting. There are countless tutorials floating around the web. I recommend starting with a basic three-ball cascade (the most common form of juggling). Don't limit yourself to this variation however. As with any type of training, you must progress to more difficult variations.

One of the better tutorials (that I could find) is linked to below. The site includes video demonstrations of several juggling techniques. You will never run out of ideas or challenges with the information contained within this link:

Wildcat Jugglers Tutorial

Happy juggling!

Works Cited

1.) Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U. and May A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427:311-312.

2.) Merzenich, Michael. (2005). Change Minds For The Better. The Journal of Active Aging.

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About the Author - Ross Enamait is an innovative athlete and trainer, whose training style is among the most intense that you will find. Ross is committed to excellence and advancements in high performance conditioning and functional strength development. He has a sincere interest in helping today's athlete in their quest for greatness.

Ross has authored several training manuals, and is available for private training in the New England area. You may contact him directly at ross@rosstraining.com

Your Intuitive Intelligence

By Dr Jill Ammon-Wexler

http://www.trans4mind.com/counterpoint/wexler3.shtml

"You know more than you think you do." --Dr. Benjamin Spock

We come into life equipped with five basic senses -- touch, hearing, taste, sight and smell. But we also possess some more mysterious senses. One such little-understood sense - intuition - governs our ability to arrive at spontaneous "non-logical" decisions.

The word intuition comes from the Latin word intueri, meaning "look within." Webster defines it as "the power or facility of attaining direct knowledge ...without evident rational thought." In Japan, intuition is known as "stomach art" - an interesting turn on the Western "gut-level feeling." Many feel intuition is a remnant of an ancient survival mechanism, as it allows us to sense danger without taking the time to analyze a situation. But intuition can also be extraordinarily profound.

Intuition is a unique "whole brain" function. It draws upon both our higher mind, and our entire lifetime of experience stored in the subconscious mind. It's probably our most powerful method of integrating our conscious and subconscious thought processes.

How Intuition Works in the Brain
The two halves of your "grey matter" (your cerebral cortex) and the thick network of nerves connecting them (the corpus collusum) are your "thinking cap" -- the "higher thinking" portion of your brain. This portion of your brain accounts for mental skills such as logic and analysis, and for interpreting input from your five physical senses (vision, smell, hearing, touch and taste.)

Here's an example of how intuition works: in the millisecond you enter a strange room or situation your brain integrates: (1) the input from all your higher thinking, (2) the input from all five senses, and (3) your entire lifetime of experience. Your whole brain immediately analyzes the situation, compares it to your lifetime of experience, and gives you a spontaneous "gut level" feeling about that environment. Either it's safe and you feel relaxed and comfortable, or it's somehow threatening, and you feel nervous or "on edge." All of this occurs on a non-rational level as an instant "ah ha" feeling.

Intuition and Business Success
In the latter half of the last century business decisions and results were defended using such rational, linear measures as rate of return, cost of capital, net income, etc. But all the while the most successful leaders were using an additional tool - intuition. And today intuition is being touted by management consultants as "essential." In a study of 13,000 business executives by Harvard researcher Jagdish Parikh, the executives credited 80 percent of their business success to relying on their intuition.

And research conducted by Ashley Fields, a senior advisor to Shell Oil, concluded that among Fortune 500 companies, "intuitive information processing strategies are most often found at the highest levels of an organization." Intuition is not just valuable in the business world. It can often lead to powerful creative, personal and relationship insights and breakthroughs.

For most of us, intuition is most active just before sleep, upon awakening from a nap, during a dream, while meditating or contemplating, or while doing something we find very relaxing. All of these have something in common - the alpha-state brainwaves often associated with meditation and creative contemplation. Here are some methods of "powering-up" your intuitive intelligence:

1. A Kung Fu Exercise: Shut your eyes and ask someone to approach you as quietly as possible. Say "stop" when you think they are within an arm's length. You'll be surprised how rapidly you'll increase your skill and accuracy.

2. A Sensory Intuition Exercise: Intuition draws heavily on our sensory intelligence. Strengthen your senses-brain connection, and you'll strengthen your intuition. Place several aromatic items on your desk. Look at and smell each one. Now close your eyes and by smelling each item, try to get a clear mental vision of what it looks like. Open your eyes to see how detailed your "mental vision" was. Continue this process until you can clearly "see" what the object looks like just from its scent.

3. A 'Now' Exercise: Here's an exercise management consultants are teaching top business executives: Remove from any past or future concerns for a few minutes, and let yourself simply experience what is directly in front of, and around, you. Don't judge or comment, just notice.

The most powerful way to build your intuitive intelligence is to begin to act on your intuition. Simply allowing yourself to act on your intuition will gradually build your "intuitive intelligence." Consider that study of 16,000 business executives who credited 80 percent of their business success to relying on their intuition. Building your self awareness will not only increase your intuitive intelligence. It will increase your probability of success and achievement in your personal, business or professional life.

Copyright © 2004 Dr Jill Ammon-WexlerAll Rights Reserved.
Dr Jill's neuro-science based training has enabled countless business and professional people to become exceptionally creative, extraordinary achievers and leaders. The better you know yourself -- the more powerful you become. Period! Put her insights to work in your life. Come visit the exciting Self Discovery Community.

Eye Accessing Cues - Take 2

Looking at a Decision From All Points of View

Six Thinking Hats
Looking at a Decision From All Points of View

http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTED_07.htm

‘Six Thinking Hats’ is a powerful technique that helps you look at important decisions from a number of different perspectives. It helps you make better decisions by forcing you to move outside your habitual ways of thinking. As such, it helps you understand the full complexity of the decision, and spot issues and opportunities to which you might otherwise be blind.

This tool was created by Edward de Bono in his book ‘6 Thinking Hats‘.
Many successful people think from a very rational, positive viewpoint. This is part of the reason that they are successful. Often, though, they may fail to look at a problem from an emotional, intuitive, creative or negative viewpoint. This can mean that they underestimate resistance to plans, fail to make creative leaps and do not make essential contingency plans.

Similarly, pessimists may be excessively defensive, and more emotional people may fail to look at decisions calmly and rationally.

If you look at a problem with the ‘Six Thinking Hats’ technique, then you will solve it using all approaches. Your decisions and plans will mix ambition, skill in execution, sensitivity, creativity and good contingency planning.

How to Use the Tool:
You can use the Six Thinking Hats technique in meetings or on your own. In meetings it has the benefit of blocking the confrontations that happen when people with different thinking styles discuss the same problem.

Each ‘Thinking Hat’ is a different style of thinking. These are explained below:

• White Hat:
  With this thinking hat you focus on the data available. Look at the information you have, and see what you can learn from it. Look for gaps in your knowledge, and either try to fill them or take account of them.

  This is where you analyze past trends, and try to extrapolate from historical data.

• Red Hat:
  ‘Wearing’ the red hat, you look at problems using intuition, gut reaction, and emotion. Also try to think how other people will react emotionally. Try to understand the responses of people who do not fully know your reasoning.
  

• Black Hat:
  Using black hat thinking, look at all the bad points of the decision. Look at it cautiously and defensively. Try to see why it might not work. This is important because it highlights the weak points in a plan. It allows you to eliminate them, alter them, or prepare contingency plans to counter them.Black Hat thinking helps to make your plans ‘tougher’ and more resilient. It can also help you to spot fatal flaws and risks before you embark on a course of action. Black Hat thinking is one of the real benefits of this technique, as many successful people get so used to thinking positively that often they cannot see problems in advance. This leaves them under-prepared for difficulties.

• Yellow Hat:
  The yellow hat helps you to think positively. It is the optimistic viewpoint that helps you to see all the benefits of the decision and the value in it. Yellow Hat thinking helps you to keep going when everything looks gloomy and difficult.

• Green Hat:
  The Green Hat stands for creativity. This is where you can develop creative solutions to a problem. It is a freewheeling way of thinking, in which there is little criticism of ideas. A whole range of creativity tools can help you here.

• Blue Hat:
  The Blue Hat stands for process control. This is the hat worn by people chairing meetings. When running into difficulties because ideas are running dry, they may direct activity into Green Hat thinking. When contingency plans are needed, they will ask for Black Hat thinking, etc.

A variant of this technique is to look at problems from the point of view of different professionals (e.g. doctors, architects, sales directors, etc.) or different customers.
Download our free Six Thinking Hats worksheet, and use it next time you are preparing for a meeting where a decision or course of action will be discussed.
Example:

The directors of a property company are looking at whether they should construct a new office building. The economy is doing well, and the amount of vacant office space is reducing sharply. As part of their decision they decide to use the 6 Thinking Hats technique during a planning meeting.

Looking at the problem with the White Hat, they analyze the data they have. They examine the trend in vacant office space, which shows a sharp reduction. They anticipate that by the time the office block would be completed, that there will be a severe shortage of office space. Current government projections show steady economic growth for at least the construction period.

With Red Hat thinking, some of the directors think the proposed building looks quite ugly. While it would be highly cost-effective, they worry that people would not like to work in it.

When they think with the Black Hat, they worry that government projections may be wrong. The economy may be about to enter a ‘cyclical downturn’, in which case the office building may be empty for a long time.

If the building is not attractive, then companies will choose to work in another better-looking building at the same rent.

With the Yellow Hat, however, if the economy holds up and their projections are correct, the company stands to make a great deal of money.

If they are lucky, maybe they could sell the building before the next downturn, or rent to tenants on long-term leases that will last through any recession.

With Green Hat thinking they consider whether they should change the design to make the building more pleasant. Perhaps they could build prestige offices that people would want to rent in any economic climate. Alternatively, maybe they should invest the money in the short term to buy up property at a low cost when a recession comes.

The Blue Hat has been used by the meeting’s Chair to move between the different thinking styles. He or she may have needed to keep other members of the team from switching styles, or from criticizing other peoples’ points.

It is well worth reading Edward de Bono’s book 6 Thinking Hats for more information on this technique.
Key points:

Six Thinking Hats is a good technique for looking at the effects of a decision from a number of different points of view.

It allows necessary emotion and skepticism to be brought into what would otherwise be purely rational decisions. It opens up the opportunity for creativity within Decision Making. The technique also helps, for example, persistently pessimistic people to be positive and creative.

Plans developed using the ‘6 Thinking Hats’ technique will be sounder and more resilient than would otherwise be the case. It may also help you to avoid public relations mistakes, and spot good reasons not to follow a course of action before you have committed to it.

A RAY JOHNSON WEB SITE

Communication

http://www.pndc.com/intro.php

Communication: An introduction to a historical model and to the new PNDC model

For centuries, Aristotle’s model for communication has been taught in Western culture as the art of winning arguments. Powerful Non-defensive Communication replaces this traditional model with one that gives each person the ability to communicate effectively without engaging in a power struggle. — Dr. Martin Jacobi, Clemson University

The War Model

Defensive Self-Protection: The historical use of the rules of war as the basis for our verbal interactions currently affects our lives in all realms. Using the war motto "To be open is to be vulnerable, and to be vulnerable is to be weak," people automatically close down, become defensive, and react to others in an adversarial manner. Such defensiveness not only inhibits our ability to understand and learn, it literally creates and accelerates conflict. Rather than protecting us, defensiveness depletes our energy and prevents us from achieving our goals.

Types of Defensive Reactions: Our defensive strategies, often not conscious, typically fall into three basic categories: surrender, withdrawal and counterattack. Each of these strategies includes one format designed primarily for protection and another to also retaliate against others. While a person might use any or all of six defensive reactions, most people have a habitual one; thus a common personality type can be associated with each type of defensive reaction.

Communication Tools Misused: Our three basic forms of communication —questions, statements, and predictions— are all misused when we are defensive—so dramatically that we might as well be trying to build a house by pounding nails with a saw. For example, when we ask a question, we often, through our tone, body language and wording, convey an attitude of interrogation. People are often quite unconscious of the degree to which they do this.

Power Struggles: These defensive ways of speaking and reacting are manipulative—and cause others to resist what we say. Each person involved can feel like a victim, even while lashing out in verbal attack; this dynamic causes ongoing power struggles which become addictive. Because we have never changed the basic model for how we communicate, we consider such conflict to be normal — just human nature.

The Powerful Non-Defensive Communication Model

Non-Defensive Communication Tools: The character and function of questions, statements, and predictions are very different when we use them non-defensively. For example, rather than asking questions that convey our own opinion or lead others to answer in a prescribed way, we can ask questions that are genuinely curious, open, innocent, neutral, and inviting.

Formats for Non-Defensive Communication: This part of the material covers specific formats for using each communication tool.

Questions: We can select from dozens of ways to use questions to gather accurate information quickly and to stimulate others to respond sincerely and honestly.

Statements: We can make statements using four different formats. These statements provide others with thorough information about how we interpret what they are saying and our own reactions to it.

Predictions: We have two formats for making predictions, which we use to create security through predictability.

Quantum Leaps: Each of us can protect ourselves without getting defensive and have greater influence without being manipulative or controlling. Using non-defensive communication, we can be honest and powerful while being compassionate and sincere.

One aspect of the power of non-defensive communication is that the process allows us to communicate with great clarity and walk away with increased self-esteem, even if the other person chooses not to cooperate. Anyone who uses this process can make a quantum leap in personal and professional growth. By changing how we communicate as individuals, we can work effectively toward greater understanding among diverse groups, and ultimately toward a more peaceful world.

Learn How to Juggle 3 Balls